Classes & Objects

Introduction

Kotlin is a fully object-oriented language, but it trims away a lot of the ceremony Java requires to define a class. A class that would take a dozen lines in Java — fields, a constructor, getters, setters — often takes a single line in Kotlin.

This lesson covers declaring classes, the primary constructor, inheritance (which is opt-in via the `open` keyword), interfaces, visibility, and Kotlin's replacement for static members: the `object` and `companion object` keywords.

Declaring a Class

A class is declared with the `class` keyword. Creating an instance requires no `new` keyword, unlike Java — you simply call the class name like a function.

class Person {
    var name: String = ""
    var age: Int = 0
}

fun main() {
    val p = Person()
    p.name = "Riya"
    p.age = 28
    println("${p.name} is ${p.age} years old")
}

Primary Constructor & Properties

Most Kotlin classes use a far more concise pattern: declaring properties directly in the primary constructor, right after the class name. Prefixing a constructor parameter with `val` or `var` turns it into a property automatically, generating the equivalent of a getter (and setter, for `var`) with no extra code.

class Person(val name: String, var age: Int)

fun main() {
    val p = Person("Riya", 28)
    println("${p.name} is ${p.age} years old")

    p.age = 29          // var property — can be reassigned
    // p.name = "Other"  // Compile error: name is a val
    println(p.age)
}

Secondary Constructors & init Blocks

A class can define additional secondary constructors with `constructor`, each of which must ultimately delegate to the primary constructor. An `init` block runs as part of object construction, right after the primary constructor's properties are set — useful for validation logic.

class Rectangle(val width: Int, val height: Int) {
    val area: Int

    init {
        require(width > 0 && height > 0) { "Dimensions must be positive" }
        area = width * height
    }

    constructor(side: Int) : this(side, side)   // secondary constructor for a square
}

fun main() {
    val rect = Rectangle(4, 5)
    val square = Rectangle(3)

    println("Rectangle area: ${rect.area}")
    println("Square area: ${square.area}")
}

Inheritance with open

Kotlin classes are `final` (cannot be subclassed) by default — the opposite of Java. To allow a class (or a specific member) to be overridden, you must explicitly mark it `open`. This is a deliberate design decision: it forces you to consciously design a class for extension rather than allowing it accidentally.

open class Animal(val name: String) {
    open fun makeSound(): String = "..."
}

class Dog(name: String) : Animal(name) {
    override fun makeSound(): String = "Woof!"
}

fun main() {
    val animals: List<Animal> = listOf(Animal("Generic"), Dog("Rex"))
    for (a in animals) {
        println("${a.name}: ${a.makeSound()}")
    }
}

Interfaces

Interfaces declare a contract of functions and properties a class must implement. Unlike a plain class hierarchy, a class can implement any number of interfaces, and Kotlin interfaces can even provide default method bodies.

interface Greeter {
    fun greet(): String = "Hello!"   // default implementation
}

class SpanishGreeter : Greeter {
    override fun greet(): String = "¡Hola!"
}

fun main() {
    val g1: Greeter = SpanishGreeter()
    println(g1.greet())
}

Visibility Modifiers

Kotlin has four visibility modifiers, applicable to classes and their members. `public` is the default and can be omitted.

object and Singletons

The `object` keyword declares a class with exactly one instance, created lazily the first time it is accessed — Kotlin's clean, built-in way of implementing the singleton pattern, which normally requires careful manual code in Java.

object AppConfig {
    var appName = "PrograMinds"
    fun printInfo() = println("App: $appName")
}

fun main() {
    AppConfig.printInfo()          // accessed directly, no instantiation needed
    AppConfig.appName = "Updated"
    AppConfig.printInfo()
}

Companion Objects

Kotlin classes have no `static` keyword. Instead, a `companion object` declared inside a class holds members that belong to the class itself rather than to any instance — the closest equivalent to Java's static members, and also usable for factory-style construction functions.

class User private constructor(val name: String) {
    companion object {
        fun create(name: String): User {
            println("Creating user: $name")
            return User(name)
        }
    }
}

fun main() {
    val user = User.create("Tariq")   // called on the class itself, like a static method
    println(user.name)
}

Common Mistakes

Best Practices

Frequently Asked Questions

Key Takeaways

Summary

You now know how to model data and behavior with Kotlin classes, interfaces, inheritance, and singletons. Next, you'll tackle Kotlin's signature feature in full depth: null safety.